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- WORLD, Page 36SOVIET UNIONWhy Are These Men Smiling?
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- By winning Yeltsin's support for a new union treaty, Gorbachev
- buys time -- but it could cost him six of the 15 Soviet republics
-
- By BRUCE W. NELAN -- Reported by James Carney and John Kohan/
- Moscow
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- The concept of compromise, the lifeblood of Western-style
- democracies, has not made much headway with the Soviet Union's
- combative political leaders. To them the idea of settling
- amicably for something less than their maximum demands still
- smacks of irresoluteness and a lack of ideological purity. Such
- rigidity is the kind of shortcoming experts point to when they
- talk about the need for a more developed "political culture" in
- the U.S.S.R.
-
- The steadily worsening national crisis has been pushing
- President Mikhail Gorbachev toward a choice between massive
- repression and a negotiated compromise with the dissident
- forces. Since his sharp turn toward toughness and the
- conservatives last year, he seemed as likely to opt for the iron
- fist as for the bargaining table. In a dramatic agreement last
- week he signaled that compromise is the course he would prefer.
-
- On the eve of a Communist Party Central Committee plenum,
- Gorbachev invited the leaders of nine of the 15 Soviet
- republics, including Russia's maverick chief, Boris Yeltsin, to
- a conference at a secluded dacha in the woods outside Moscow.
- The six republics that are bent on immediate independence --
- Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Moldavia, Georgia and Armenia --
- were not asked.
-
- Splashed across the front page of Pravda the next day was
- the text of the leaders' agreement. It was essential to
- "restore the constitutional order everywhere," their statement
- said, and they decided to begin with such remedial economic
- measures as abolishing the new 5% sales tax, reviewing recent
- price increases and indexing incomes to the cost of living. On
- the political front, Gorbachev and the republic presidents cited
- as their "top priority" the signing of a new treaty of union
- among themselves and the central government. Six months after
- that, a new Soviet constitution would be adopted and national
- elections held. The agreement also included a clause in which
- the nine leaders recognized the right of the other six republics
- to decide for themselves "on the question of accession to the
- union treaty."
-
- The document's most immediate effect was to strengthen
- Gorbachev as he walked into the party plenum assembled in the
- Kremlin to denounce him for his failure to bring the country to
- order. It proved he could make progress on the crucial issue of
- the union treaty, even garnering Yeltsin's support. It also
- reminded the communist chieftains that he does not depend solely
- on them for his political authority.
-
- Critiques dominated the two-day Kremlin meeting of the
- Central Committee. Ivan Polozkov, head of the Russian republic's
- Communist Party, told Gorbachev, "I cannot understand how, after
- taking on such a large and responsible affair as perestroika,
- you have let the steering wheel slip from your hands." Admiral
- Gennadi Khvatov, commander of the Pacific fleet, intoned the old
- slogan, "The fatherland is in danger." Gorbachev, tired of the
- harangues, stormed to the rostrum and announced he would resign.
-
- That was a threat he had used before, but the party
- leaders took him seriously. They called a quick recess, then
- returned to announce that the Politburo was proposing that
- Gorbachev's resignation not be considered. The motion passed
- overwhelmingly, 322-13, with 14 abstentions. It seems obvious
- now that no matter how much steam the hard-liners let off, the
- party has no ready alternative to Gorbachev.
-
- With his position newly secured, Gorbachev could begin
- moving on the steps outlined in his agreement with the nine
- republics. Critics from both the reformer and traditionalist
- camps are suggesting, however, that the document papered over
- so many key disagreements that it may be no more than a tribute
- to Gorbachev's political sleight of hand. In a speech to the
- Soviet parliament on Friday, for example, Gorbachev showed no
- flexibility on the secession issue. Republics that want a
- "divorce," he said, would have to get it through the laborious
- process he has insisted on all along. That involves referendums,
- years of negotiations on financial settlements and finally a
- vote by the Supreme Soviet.
-
- If the republics hold to their chosen course, it could
- theoretically lead to a Soviet Union consisting of Russia, the
- Ukraine, Belorussia, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan,
- Tadzhikistan, Kirgizia and Turkmenistan. Such a truncated
- U.S.S.R. would be a poorer, more Asia-oriented country with a
- large Muslim population. The Kremlin and the Soviet state could
- no longer be a fiefdom for ethnic Russians.
-
- But even a nine-republic union may be impossible to keep
- together. Strikes continue to spread, and Nikolai Volkov, a
- leader of the coal miners' action in Siberia, says the agreement
- with Gorbachev is "a useless scrap of paper." No matter what
- the politicians agreed on last week, a large segment of the
- Soviet working class is still not in the mood for compromise.
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